tingting4dSustainable and cost-effective solutions are crucial for the widespread adoption of 4D printing technology. This paper focuses on the development of a cellulose-hydrogelRuisheng Qu, Dong Zhou, Tingting Guo, Wenyang He, Chaoqiang Cui, Yanyi Zhou, Yamin Zhang, Zhangzhang Tang, Xinrui Zhang, Qihua Wang, Tingmei Wang,